Rationale and Objectives

  • Yield improvement in corn over the past few decades has been accompanied by an increase in plant nitrogen (N) uptake, with modern hybrids absorbing more N during reproductive stages, while delaying N remobilization to the grain for later in the growing season.
  • To evaluate the effect of late-season N applications in distinct corn genotypes, grain yield and grain filling parameters were evaluated in field experiments under different N regimes using recent and historical Pioneer® brand corn hybrids.
  • Experiments were conducted in two environments, one irrigated and one non-irrigated.

Study Description

  • Year: 2017
  • Location: Ashland Bottoms Research Farm, Manhattan, KS (Soil pH = 5.9, soil organic matter = 1.34%, 50 ppm of phosphorus (Mehlich), and 158 ppm of potassium)
  • Environments: Non-Irrigated, Irrigated
  • Planting Date: May 5
  • Plot Size: 10 x 70 ft
  • Experimental Design: Split-plot
  • Hybrid/Brand1:

    Table - Corn Hybrid/Brand Table - year/gdu accumulation.

  • Nitrogen Application Timings (Sub-Plot Factor):
    • 0 N (non-fertilized check)
    • Planting + V6 + R1
    • Planting + V6 + 2 weeks after R1
  • Data Collected:
    • Yield (combine harvest)
    • Yield components (kernel number, kernel weight).
    • Grain filling was measured beginning at the R2 growth stage, collecting one ear per plot every 3-4 days. Ten kernels from the central portion of the ear were sampled to track changes in kernel dry weight and water volume during the entire period.
    • Total aboveground biomass.
    • Leaf area index (LAI, Plant Canopy Analyzer LAI 2200).

Table 1. Nitrogen rates applied at each application timing in the non-irrigated and irrigated experiments.

Table - Nitrogen rates applied at each application timing in non-irrigated and irrigated corn experiments.

Table 2. Monthly values for daily solar radiation, temperature, and total precipitation for the 2017 growing season.

Table - Monthly values for daily solar radiation, temperature, and total precipitation for the 2017 growing season.

Results

  • Kernel number and kernel weight were both positively correlated with final grain yield (R2 = 0.58 and R2=0.43, respectively) for all hybrid and treatment combinations.
  • Total aboveground biomass and leaf area index were measured at the R1 and R3 growth stages to determine correlation with final yield. No differences among nitrogen treatments were detected.
  • Table 3 summarizes average yields and yield components for fertilizer N rate levels (N) and corn hybrids (H).

Corn Yield

  • Yield significantly differed among hybrids (P ≤ 0.05) with a positive trend between the year of release of the hybrid and yields, from 176.8 bu/acre for Pioneer® hybrid 3394 (1991) to 205.5 bu/acre for Pioneer® P1197AM™ brand corn (2014) average across N treatments (Figure 1).
  • As expected, fertilized treatments differed from the zero N treatment (with a more prominent effect under irrigated conditions).
  • There was no significant difference in average yield between the two N treatments (Figure 1).

Yield Components

  • Significant differences among N treatments and hybrids were found for kernel number (P ≤ 0.001 and P ≤ 0.05, respectively), and among N treatments for kernel weight (P ≤ 0.001) (Table 3).

Table 3. Analysis of variance and means for yield (15.5% moisture), kernel number, kernel weight, grain filling rate, and grain filling duration for three nitrogen (N) levels and three hybrids (H).

Photo - Puccinia polysora pustules on a corn leaf.

+ Significant at P ≤ 0.1; * significant at P ≤ 0.05; ** significant at P ≤ 0.01; *** significant at P ≤ 0.001, ns: non-significant.

Table - Hybrid and nitrogen treatment effects on corn yield.

Figure 1. Hybrid and nitrogen treatment effects on corn yield.

  • Kernel weight did not differ among hybrids (Table 3), indicating that differences in yield were primarily driven by the number of kernels per ear defined around silking.
  • Kernel number and kernel weight were both affected by the absence of N fertilization (Table 3), suggesting that kernel weight reductions could have a considerable effect on yields, particularly in N-deficient environments.

Grain Filling Duration and Rate

  • Grain filling dynamics were evaluated in terms of duration of the grain filling period and rate of dry matter accumulation using a bi-linear model. Grain-filling period was considered as divided by two phases: a lag phase and a linear grain-filling phase. (A generalized version of the bi-linear grain filling model is shown in Figure 2.)
  • Grain fill duration was longer for Pioneer® P1197AM™ brand corn than Pioneer® hybrid 3394 and nitrogen fertilization extended grain fill duration relative to the zero N treatment (Figure 3).
  • There were no differences in duration of lag phase across N treatments nor hybrids indicating that variations in grain fill duration were primary driven by changes in linear grain fill.

Table - Bi-linear model of corn grain fill showing changes in grain dry matter and grain moisture by thermal time.

Figure 2. Bi-linear model of corn grain fill showing changes in grain dry matter and grain moisture by thermal time.

Lag Phase: A period of active cell division when potential kernel size is defined. Extends from silking (R1) through the start of rapid kernel dry matter accumulation following R2.

Linear Grain Fill: Period of rapid dry matter accumulation from R3 to R6. Grain moisture declines throughout this phrase.

Post-Maturity Dry Down: Grain dry matter has reached its maximum; grain moisture continues to decline.

  • The effect of N fertilization in grain fill rate was dissimilar among hybrids, reflecting a significant genotype and environment interaction response (Hybrid x N, Table 3, P<0.05).
  • The progression of grain dry matter accumulation, grain water content, and grain percent water concentration for each hybrid and N treatment combination is shown in Figure 4.
  • N treatment effects on grain filling rate differed slightly for Pioneer®P1151AM™ brand corn vs. P1197AM™ and 3394, although changes were minor and not statistically significant.
    • Lack of N fertilization appeared to reduce grain filling rate for 3394 and P1197AM™ but not for P1151AM™ (indicated by the lesser slope of the green lines relative to the red and blue lines in Figure 4A and Figure 4C).

Table - Hybrid and nitrogen treatment effects on corn grain fill duration.

Figure 3. Hybrid and nitrogen treatment effects on grain fill duration.

  • The significant reduction in grain dry weight associated with lack of N fertilization (Table 3) is illustrated in Figure 4A-4C by the gap between the green line and the red and blue lines following physiological maturity (the flat part of the model).
  • Differences in grain weight between N treatments and zero N were related to changes in both grain fill duration and grain fill rate (Table 3, Figure 4).
  • All N conditions evaluated in this study, reached final grain weight (black layer formation) at a similar moisture content of around 35%, indicating that the model of grain filling on a water concentration basis was not affected by changes in the rate or timing of N fertilization.

Conclusions

  • A positive trend was found between hybrid year of release and yield with the newest hybrid (P1197AM™) yielding the most, as would be expected due to genetic gain in yield over time.
  • Lack of N fertilization significantly reduced corn grain yield by negatively affecting both grain number and grain weight.
  • N fertilization significantly increased grain filling duration and grain filling rate; however, no differences in grain filling parameters were observed between the two N treatments.
  • No significant differences were found between final N application at silking or 2 weeks after silking for any of the analyzed parameters in this study.
  • Further studies are still needed in order to unravel reproductive N uptake dynamics and partitioning to better understand N impact during the grain filling process in corn.
Graph - Grain dry weight - 3394 Graph - Grain dry weight - P1151am
Graph - Grain dry weight - P1197am

Figure 4. Progression of grain dry weight in mg (A to C), water content in mg (D to F), and water concentration in % (G to I) on a thermal-time basis from silking to harvest moisture, for Pioneer® hybrid 3394, P1151AM™, and P1197AM™ brand corn.

Authors: Javier A. Fernandez and Ignacio A. Ciampitti, Department of Agronomy, Kansas State University

September 2019

Research conducted by Dr. Ignacio A. Ciampitti and Javier A. Fernandez, Department of Agronomy, Kansas State University, as a part of the Pioneer Crop Management Research Awards (CMRA) Program. This program provides funds for agronomic and precision farming studies by university and USDA cooperators throughout North America. The awards extend for up to four years and address crop management information needs of Pioneer agronomists, sales professionals and customers.

AcreMax Herculex I Roundup YieldGard Corn Borer LibertyLink

AM - Optimum® AcreMax® Insect Protection system with YGCB, HX1, LL, RR2. Contains a single-bag integrated refuge solution for above-ground insects. In EPA-designated cotton growing counties, a 20% separate corn borer refuge must be planted with Optimum AcreMax products. HX1 - Contains the Herculex®® I Insect Protection gene which provides protection against European corn borer, southwestern corn borer, black cutworm, fall armyworm, western bean cutworm, lesser corn stalk borer, southern corn stalk borer, and sugarcane borer; and suppresses corn earworm. YGCB - The YieldGard® Corn Borer gene offers a high level of resistance to European corn borer, southwestern corn borer and southern cornstalk borer; moderate resistance to corn earworm and common stalk borer; and above average resistance to fall armyworm. RR2 - Contains the Roundup Ready® Corn 2 trait that provides crop safety for over-the-top applications of labeled glyphosate herbicides when applied according to label directions. LL - Contains the LibertyLink® gene for resistance to Liberty® herbicide.

Herculex® Insect Protection technology by Dow AgroSciences and Pioneer Hi-Bred. Herculex® and the HX logo are registered trademarks of Dow AgroSciences LLC. YieldGard®, the YieldGard Corn Borer design and Roundup Ready® are registered trademarks used under license from Monsanto Company. Liberty®, LibertyLink®, and the Water Droplet Design are registered trademarks of BASF.

1All Pioneer products are hybrids unless designated with AM1, AM, AMT, AMRW, AMX, AML, AMXT, and Q in which case they are brands.

The foregoing is provided for informational use only. Please contact your Pioneer sales professional for information and suggestions specific to your operation. 2017 data are based on average of all comparisons made in two locations through Dec. 1 2017. Multi-year and multi-location is a better predictor of future performance. Do not use these or any other data from a limited number of trials as a significant factor in product selection. Product responses are variable and subject to a variety of environmental, disease, and pest pressures. Individual results may vary. Pioneer® brand products are provided subject to the terms and conditions of purchase which are part of the labeling and purchase documents.